THERMODYNAMICS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGISTS

BIO CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS Question Papers (Supple, 2008, Nov)

SET: 1

1. Is it possible to prove the laws of thermodynamics? Describe in brief. (b) One mole of an ideal gas at 1.0MPa and 310K is heated at constant temperature till the volume is doubled again. Calculate the work done by the gas.

2. Name the methods by which the thermodynamic properties of fluids are usually presented. Discuss any two of them.

3. (a) What is the significance of the second law efficiency? (b) Define the second law efficiency of a process.

4. Prove the following:
a) Viid = Vi
b) Hiid = Hi
c) Vid = ΣxiVi
d) Hid =Σ xiHi 5. Show that when Lewis Randall rule is valid for one species in a linery solution, the Henrys law lis is valid for the other one.

6. Rate and equilibrium conversion of a chemical reaction depends of what parameters? How rate and equilibrium conversion varies in various situations. Give a suitable example to explain above.

7. Discuss in detail about the Thermodynamic principles.

8. Explain the aerobic production of a single extracellular product.

SET: 2

1. A reversible engine operating between a reservoir at 600K and the ambient atmosphere at 300K drives a refrigerator operating operating between 240K and the ambient atmosphere. Determine the ratio of energy rejected by both the devices to the ambient atmosphere to the energy absorbed by the engine from the reservoir at 600K.

2. It is desired to design a tank to store 10Kmol methane at 6MPa and 300K. Determine the size of the tank using the Red lich? Kwong equation of state. The critical constants of methane are
Pc = 4.6MPa and Tc = 190.6K.

3. (a) Give an example of a fundamental relation. (b) What is an equation of state? How many eequations of state are there for a single component of simple compressible substance.

4. (a) Discuss in brief heats of mixing, heats of reaction and heats of solution. (b) Show that heats of mixing are generally much smaller than heats of reaction.

5. Show that at equilibrium for a closed system, (dGi)T,P=0.

6. (a) Define reaction coordinate. What is its usefulness?
(b) For a system in which the following reaction occurs CH4 + H2o ---> CO +3H2,assume there are present initially 2mol CH4, 1molH2o, 1mol Co and4molH2. Determine expressions for the mole fraction yi as function of Є

7. (a) Describe the inter relationship amongst the metabolism, energy and redox processes.
(b) Explain the concept that ATP is the energy shuttle in the cell.

8. Discuss theoretical predictions of yield coeffiecients.


SET: 3

1. One mole of an ideal gas (Υ = 1.4) at 0.5 MPa and 300K (state 1) is heated at constant pressure till volume is downloaded (state 2) and then it is allowed to expand reversibly and adiabatically till the temperature is reduced to 300K (state 3). Calculate the heat and work interactions. If it is desired to restore the system fron state 3 to its original state by a reversible isothermal path, determine the amount of work to be done on the system.

2. (a) What is ideal gas? Name the two basic assumptions, which were made use of in deriving the ideal gas equation of state from kinetic theory arguments. (b) Define thermodynamic properties, classify the thermodynamic properties. What is the use of such classification.

3. A particular thermodynamic system has the following equations of state.
1/T = 5NR/2U; P/T = NR/V
Obtain the third equation of state of the system.
4. (a) Discuss the importance of fugacity in thermodynamics. (b) Discuss fugacity and fugacity coefficient for pure species.
5. (a) For VLE at low to moderate pressures, discuss the nature of equilibrium. (b) For VLE, show that yiØiP = xi Pisat (i = 1,2,---------N).
6. Consider a system in which the following reaction occur,
CH4 + H2O ----> CO + 3H2 (1)
CH4 + 2H2O ----> CO2 + 4H2 (2)
Where the numbers (1) and (2) indicate the value of is the reaction index if there are present initially 2 mol CH4 and 3 mol H2O. determine expressions for the Yi as function of Є1 and Є2.
7. Discuss in detail about medium formulation.
8. Write short notes on:
(a) Respiratory quotient
(b) Oxidative Phosphorylation.

SET: 4

1. (a) Discuss limitations of first law of thermodynamics. (b) State alternative statements of first law of thermodynamics.

2. (a) What is ideal gas? Name the two basic assumptions, which were made use of in deriving the ideal gas equation of state from kinetic theory arguments. (b) Define thermodynamic properties, classify the thermodynamic properties. What is the use of such classification.

3. Show that for an ideal gas, (dE/dV)T = 0.

4.

5. Prove the following
(a) fi l = fi sat = ФisatPisat
(b) fi = ФisatPisatexp[Vil(P-Psat)/R.T]

6. For the equililnium state of a chemical reaction, show that .−RT lnK = ΔGo.

7. (a) Explain the Gaden classification from stoichiometric point of view the product formation in fermentation process.
(b) The following stoichiometric equation describes penicillin synthesis: 1.5 Glucose + H2SO4 + 2NH3 + phenyl acetate penicillin G + CO2 + 8H2O the theoretical yield of penicillin is 1.2g (gram of glucose). Find out the molecular weight of penicillin G

8. Discus in detail the heat evolved per equivalent of available electrons transferred to oxygen.
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LABELS: THERMODYNAMICS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGISTS
CHEMICAL AND BIO-THERMODYNAMICS Question Papers (Supple, 2008)
POSTED BY M.S.CHOWDARY AT 11:41 PM
Tuesday, October 14, 2008
SET :1

1. It has been suggested that the kitchen in your house is cooled in the summer by closing the kitchen from the rest of the house and opening the door to the electric refrigerator. Comment on this. State clearly and concisely the basis for your conclusions. [6+10]

2. Steam is flowing through a horizontal, well-insulated 3-in. - ID iron pipe, 1500 ft long. The velocity at the entrance to the pipe, where the steam is dry and saturated at 150 psia, is 100 ft/sec. The steam discharges from the exit of the pipe into an adiabatic reversible turbine which exhausts at 14.7 psia. The steam leaving the turbine is in the dry-saturated condition.
(a) Calculate the horsepower produced by the turbine.
(b) Represent by a sketch on T-S plane the change in the state of the steam as it flows through the pipe and the turbine.
(c) What is the state of the steam entering the turbine? [6+6+4]

3. (a) Write the energy equations applicable to compression processes.
(b) Write a brief note on pumps and ejectors [8+8]

4. The excess Gibbs energy of a particular ternary liquid mixture is represented by the empirical expression, with parameters, A12,A13, andA23 functions of T and P only GE/RT = A12x1x2 + A13x1x3 + A23x2x3 Determine the implied expressions for in γ1 and γ2 and In γ3. [16]

5. Explain in detail vapour/liquid Equilibrium. [16]

6. Discuss in detail about Multireaction stoichiometry [16]

7. (a) Explain the Gaden classification from stoichiometric point of view the product formation in fermentation processes.
(b) The following stoichiometric equation describes penicillin systhesis

1.5Glucose+H2SO4+2NH3 + phenyl acetate! Pencillium G + CO2+8H2O

the theoretical yield of pencillium is 1.2g/(gram of glucose). Find out the molecular weight of pencillium G. [8+8]

8. Assume that experimental measurements for a certain organism have shown that cells can convert two-thirds (wt/wt) of the substrate carbon (alkane or glucose) to biomass.

(a) Calculate the stoichiometric coefficient for the following biological reactions
Hexadecane:C16H34 + aO2 + bNH3 ! c(C4.4H7.3N0.86O1.2) + dH2O + eCO2
Glucose: C6H12O6 + aO2 + bNH3 ! dH2O + eCO2
(b) Calculate the yield coefficients Yx/s (g dw cell/g substrate), Yx/O2 (g dw cell/g
O2) for both reactions. Comment on the differences. [8+8]


SET :2

1. (a) Write about the thermodynamic state and state functions.
(b) Write about the steady - state flow process. [8+8]

2. Write short notes:
(a) Write about condensable-fluid cycle.
(b) Write about simple power-plant cycle.
(c) Write about analysis of the steam-power plant cycle. [4+6+6]

3. Maxwell’s equation can be used to evaluate the latent heat of vaporization of a pure substance. Choose the appropriate equation and explain the method to estimate the latent heat of vaporization as a function of temperature using the vapor pressure data. [16]

4. (a) Define chemical potential and write the general equation for Gibbs energy in terms of temperature pressure and chemical potential.
(b) By definition, the partial molar volume is: Vi= [∂(nV)/∂ni]P,T, nj. What physical interpretation can be given to this equation? [8+8]

5. Discuss in detail about VLE from cubic Equations of state. [16]

6. Write short notes
(a) Duhem’s Theory
(b) Degree of freedom [8+8]

7. (a) Explain the Gaden classification from stoichiometric point of view the product formation in fermentation processes.
(b) The following stoichiometric equation describes penicillin systhesis

1.5Glucose+H2SO4+2NH3 + phenyl acetate! Pencillium G + CO2+8H2O

the theoretical yield of pencillium is 1.2g/(gram of glucose). Find out the molecular weight of pencillium G. [8+8]

8. Discuss in detail that electrons in the organic substrate is transferred to oxygen. [16]

SET :3

1. It has been suggested that the kitchen in your house is cooled in the summer by
closing the kitchen from the rest of the house and opening the door to the electric
refrigerator. Comment on this. State clearly and concisely the basis for your
conclusions. [6+10]

2. Write short notes:
(a) Write about condensable-fluid cycle.
(b) Write about simple power-plant cycle.
(c) Write about analysis of the steam-power plant cycle. [4+6+6]

3. Describe the sequential procedure for estimating thermodynamic properties, viz.,
H and S using a cubic equation of state. [16]

4. (a) Discuss chemical potential as a criterion for phase equilibrium.
(b) Define partial molar properties: internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs en-
ergy. [8+8]

5. For a mixture of 20% propane 45% n-butane and 35% n-propane (mole present) at
a pressure of 1 MN/m2, calculate
(a) the bubble point and
(b) the due point. [8+8]
The following are the data on vaporization constant (K) at different temperatures
Component K
380C 650C 930C 970C
Propane 1.2 1.9 2.8 2.9
n-butane 0.43 0.8 1.3 1.35
n-pentane 0.14 0.31 0.55 0.6

6. (a) Describe the effect of temperature on reaction equilibrium constant .
(b) Is the following reaction promising as a method of manufacture for sodium
formate.
NaOH(s) + CO(g) ⇀↽HCOONa (s)
The following are the data on F0 [8+8]

Component F0, keal/g mole
CO(g) -32.808
NaOH(s) -90.60
HCOONa(s) -147.0

7. (a) Explain the Gaden classification from stoichiometric point of view the product
formation in fermentation processes.
(b) The following stoichiometric equation describes penicillin systhesis

1.5Glucose+H2SO4+2NH3 + phenyl acetate! Pencillium G + CO2+8H2O

the theoretical yield of pencillium is 1.2g/(gram of glucose). Find out the molecular weight of pencillium G. [8+8]

8. Discus in detail the heat evolved per equivalent of available electrons transferred to oxygen. [16]

SET :4

1. A gas is confined in a cylinder by a piston, 2 in. in diameter, on which rests a “weight”. The mass of the piston and weight together is 8 lbm. The local acceleration of gravity is 32.00 ft/sec2. Assume standard atmospheric pressure.
(a) What is the force exerted on the gas by the atmosphere, the piston, and the weight in pounds force, assuming no friction between the piston and cylinder?
(b) What is the pressure of the gas in pounds force per square inch?
(c) If the gas in the cylinder is heated, it will expand, pushing the piston and weight upward. Assuming that enough heat is supplied to raise the piston and weight 8 in., calculate the work done by the gas in raising the piston and weight. What is the change in potential energy of the piston and weight? Give your answers in foot-pounds force. [4+4+8]

2. Write short notes:
(a) Explain with a schematic diagram the adsorption refrigeration machine.
(b) Write about liquefaction processes. [8+8]

3. By means of schematic thermodynamic diagrams, briefly describe the solid / liquid/ vapor states of matter and the phase boundaries. [16]

4. Describe and discuss the commonly used models for excess Gibbs energy. [16]

5. Derive the Equation for bubble point. [16]

6. Consider a vessel which initially contains only n0 mol of water vapour .If decomposition occurs according to the reaction.
H2O ! H2 + 1/2O2
Find expression which relate the number of moles and the mole fraction of each chemical species to the reaction co-ordinate ε [16]

7. Discuss in detail about the Thermodynamic principles. [16]

8. Assuming that cells can convert two - thirds (wt/wt) of the substrate carbon (alkane) to biomass, calculate the “stoichiometric” coefficients for hexadecane utilization.
C16H34 + α1O2 + α2NH3 ! β1 (C4.4H7.3N0.86O1.2) + β2CO2 + β3H2Oθ [16]
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LABELS: THERMODYNAMICS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGISTS
CHEMICAL AND BIO-THERMODYNAMICS Question Papers (Supple, 2007 Nov, RR)
POSTED BY M.S.CHOWDARY AT 11:39 PM
SET :1

1. A gas is confined in a cylinder by a piston, 2 in. in diameter, on which rests a “weight”. The mass of the piston and weight together is 8 lbm. The local acceleration of gravity is 32.00 ft/sec2. Assume standard atmospheric pressure.
(a) What is the force exerted on the gas by the atmosphere, the piston, and the weight in pounds force, assuming no friction between the piston and cylinder?
(b) What is the pressure of the gas in pounds force per square inch?
(c) If the gas in the cylinder is heated, it will expand, pushing the piston and weight upward. Assuming that enough heat is supplied to raise the piston and weight 8 in., calculate the work done by the gas in raising the piston and weight. What is the change in potential energy of the piston and weight? Give your answers in foot-pounds force. [4+4+8]

2. A power-plant cycle is an follows:
(a) Saturated liquid water from the condenser at 5 psig in pumped into a boiler operating at 175 psia. [8]
(b) The steam leaves the boiler superheated 1500F.
i. Assuming the condenser and boiler pressures are constant, calculate the maximum efficiency of the cycle (i.e. for a reversible adiabatic turbine).
ii. For comparison calculate the efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the saturation temperature at the boiler and the condenser pressures. Make the same calculation for the Carnot engine absorbing heat at the temperature of the steam leaving the boiler and discarding heat at the saturation temperature in the condenser.
iii. Calculate the efficiency of the cycle if the turbine operates adiabatically but irreversably in such a way that the actual ΔH is 0.9 of the isentropic ΔH. [2+3+3]

3. Water at 450C and 10 kPa enters an adiabatic pump and is discharged at a pressure of 8600 kPa. Assume the pump efficiency to be 75%. Calculate the work of the pump, the temperature change of the water and the entropy change of the water. Saturated liquid water properties at 450C are : V = 1, 010cm3kg−1, β = 425x10−6K−1and CP = 4.178kJkg−1K−1 [4+12]

4. (a) Write Gibbs / Duhem equation.
(b) A laboratory needs to use 2,000 cm3 of an antifreeze consisting of 30 mole percent solution of methanol in water. What volumes of pure methanol and pure water at 25 0C must be mixed to form 2,000 cm3 of antifreeze, also at 250C? Partial molar volumes for methanol and water in 30 mole percent methanol solution at 250C are: for methanol 38.632 cm3mol−1 and for water
17.765 cm3mol−1. For pure species the volumes are: 40.727cm3mol−1 for methanol and 18.068cm3mol−1 for water. [8+8]

5. Explain in detail about Raoult?s law. [6+10]

6. Consider a vessel which initially contains only n0 mol of water vapour .If decom-
position occurs according to the reaction.
H2O → H2 + 1/2O2
Find expression which relate the number of moles and the mole fraction of each chemical species to the reaction co-ordinate ε [4+12]

7. Discuss in detail about product formation. [4+12]

8. How Degree of reduction of substrate,biomass and product can be calculated. [5+5+6]


SET :2

1. Explain the formulation of the first law of Thermodynamics and illustrate any two
examples. [8+8]

2. A refrigeration machine requires 1 kw of power per ton of refrigeration.
(a) What is the co-efficient of performance?
(b) How much heat is rejected to the condenser?
(c) If the condenser operates at 600F, what is the lowest temperature the refrigerator could possibly maintain, assuming that the heat load is always 200 Btu/min? [5+5+6]

3. With help of Maxwell’s equation prove that the specific heats of ideal gases are functions of temperature only. [6+10]

4. (a) Define chemical potential and write the general equation for Gibbs energy interms of temperature pressure and chemical potential.
(b) By definition, the partial molar volume is: Vi= [∂(nV)/∂ni]P,T, nj. What physical interpretation can be given to this equation? [8+8]

5. Explain Formulation of vapour liquid equilibrium. [4+12]

6. Consider a vessel which initially contains only n0 mol of water vapour .If decomposition occurs according to the reaction.
H2O ! H2 + 1/2O2
Find expression which relate the number of moles and the mole fraction of each chemical species to the reaction co-ordinate ε [4+12]

7. (a) Explain the Gaden classification from stoichiometric point of view the product formation in fermentation processes.
(b) The following stoichiometric equation describes penicillin systhesis

1.5Glucose+H2SO4+2NH3 + phenyl acetate ----> Pencillium G + CO2+8H2O

the theoretical yield of pencillium is 1.2g/(gram of glucose). Find out the molecular weight of pencillium G. [8+8]

8. (a) Define the “Yield Coefficient”and explain its significance in the growth of cells by substrate utilization
(b) The following is the stoichiometric equation for combustion of the cell Pseudomonas fluorescens growing in glucose medium.

CH1.66N0.2O0.27 + 1.28O2 ! CO2 + 0.1N2 + 0.83H2O

Assuming the heat of combustion of 104 kcal per moleO2, calculate the heat released by combustion of bacteria in k cal/gram. [8+8]


SET :3

1. Explain the formulation of the first law of Thermodynamics and illustrate any two
examples. [8+8]

2. A power-plant cycle is an follows:
(a) Saturated liquid water from the condenser at 5 psig in pumped into a boiler
operating at 175 psia. [8]
(b) The steam leaves the boiler superheated 1500F.
i. Assuming the condenser and boiler pressures are constant, calculate the maximum efficiency of the cycle (i.e. for a reversible adiabatic turbine).
ii. For comparison calculate the efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the saturation temperature at the boiler and the condenser pressures. Make the same calculation for the Carnot engine absorbing heat at the temperature of the steam leaving the boiler and discarding heat at the saturation temperature in the condenser.
iii. Calculate the efficiency of the cycle if the turbine operates adiabatically but irreversibly in such a way that the actual ΔH is 0.9 of the isenotropic ΔH. [2+3+3]

3. Water at 450C and 10 kPa enters an adiabatic pump and is discharged at a pressure of 8600 kPa. Assume the pump efficiency to be 75%. Calculate the work of the pump, the temperature change of the water and the entropy change of the water. Saturated liquid water properties at 450C are : V = 1, 010cm3kg−1, β = 425x10−6K−1and CP = 4.178kJkg−1K−1 [4+12]

4. (a) Describe the important characteristics of an ideal gas mixture and write Gibb’s theorem.
(b) Derive the property equations describing the ideal gas behavior of mixtures. [8+8]

5. Discuss in detail about Solid/liquid Equilibrium. [8+8]

6. Determine the number of degrees of freedom F for each of the following systems.
(a) A system of two miscible Non reacting species which exists as an azeotrope in vapour/liquid equilibrium.
(b) A system prepared by partially decomposing CaCo3 into an evacuated space.
(c) A system prepared by partially decomposing NH4Cl into an evacuated space.
(d) A system consisting of the gases CO, CO2, H2, H2O, and CH4 in chemical equilibrium. [4+4+4+4]

7. (a) Explain the Gaden classification from stoichiometric point of view the product
formation in fermentation processes.
(b) The following stoichiometric equation describes penicillin systhesis

1.5Glucose+H2SO4+2NH3 + phenyl acetate→ Pencillium G + CO2+8H2O

the theoretical yield of pencillium is 1.2g/(gram of glucose). Find out the molecular weight of pencillium G. [8+8]

8. Discuss in detail that electrons in the organic substrate is transferred to oxygen. [4+12]


SET :4
1. (a) Write about the thermodynamic state and state functions.
(b) Write about the steady - state flow process. [8+8]
2. A vapor-compression refrigeration machine is to be used in an oil refinery to cool a solvent stream to 400F. The cycle will be conventional expect that a counter-current heat exchanger will be installed to sub cool the liquid from the condenser with the vapor stream from the refrigerator coils. Ammonia is to be the refrigerant, and the heat load in the refrigerator coils is 200,000 Btu/min. The refrigerant is to evaporate at 320F and liquefy in the condenser at 900F. The compressor will be adiabatic in its operation and be 80 percent efficient compared with isentropic operation. The minimum temperature difference that can be attained in the exchanger is 100F. What is the power requirement of the compressor? How does this result compare with the power of a conventional vapor-compression machine without the exchanger? Also compare the circulation rates for the two cases. [5+11]

3. (a) Write fundamental property relationships for U, H, A (Helmholtz energy) and G
(b) Write the Maxwell’s equations. [8+8]

4. Estimate the fugacity of the Cyclopentane at 1100C and 275 bar. At 1100c the vapor pressure of cyclopentane is 5.267 bar. [16]

5. Explain in detail about Raoult?s law. [6+10]

6. Consider a vessel which initially contains only n0 mol of water vapour .If decomposition occurs according to the reaction.
H2O ---> H2 + 1/2O2
Find expression which relate the number of moles and the mole fraction of each chemical species to the reaction co-ordinate ε [4+12]

7. How EMP pathway related to cell wall components. [6+10]

8. Discuss theoretical predictions of yield coeffiecients. [6+10]